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Introduction: As the U.S. population ages, gastroenterologists will provide care for an increasing number of older patients - many of whom use Medicare. In recent years there have been significant policy changes surrounding Medicare reimbursement for physicians. Understanding reimbursement trends can help reveal the financial impact of these policies on gastroenterologists. Our study aims to analyze the trends in Medicare reimbursement of common gastrointestinal (GI) services from 2007 to 2022. Method(s): The top 10 GI procedures and their respective CPT codes were identified through a joint list published by the American College of Gastroenterology, American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, and American Gastroenterological Association. The top 5 5 CPT codes relating to office/inpatient visits provided by gastroenterologists to Medicare Part B beneficiaries was identified using data from CMS. The Physician Fee Schedule Look-Up Tool from CMS was queried for the selected CPT codes from 2007 to 2022, to determine the facility reimbursement rate by Medicare for each service. The reimbursement data were adjusted to January 2022 U.S. dollars using the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics' consumer price index inflation calculator. Result(s): The unadjusted physician reimbursement for GI procedures exhibited an average decrease of 7.0% (95% CI, 29.9% to 24.1%) from 2007 to 2022. After adjusting for inflation, the mean decrease in physician reimbursement for procedures was 33.0% (95% CI, 235.1% to 230.9%). The mean annual growth rate in reimbursement was 22.6% (95% CI, 22.8% to 22.4%). The unadjusted physician reimbursement for inpatient and outpatient visits exhibited an average increase of 32.1% (95% CI, 4.8% to 59.3%). After adjusting for inflation, physician reimbursement for patient visits exhibited a mean decrease of 4.92% (Figure 1). Conclusion(s): The analysis revealed a steady decline in adjusted and non-adjusted reimbursement between 2007 and 2022. Decreasing Medicare reimbursement may impact health outcomes, healthcare access, and patient satisfaction. Reimbursement policies must be scrutinized particularly in the light of high inflation and increased costs due to additional costs associated with care during the COVID-19 pandemic, staffing shortages, and increased staffing salaries. (Figure Presented).
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Motivation: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) struck the world in late 2019 and caused millions of deaths worldwide as an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. An effective and early diagnosis is truly pivotal, and thus, many studies were initiated for that. The existing studies have some limitations such as only focusing on one type of omics data. The study aims to develop a computational model which studies COVID-19 with the integration of metabolomics and proteomics data, therefore reaching the goal of detecting the virus early in the stage. Methods: The computational framework for integrating multi-omics data (CoFIM) consists of two parts. The first part is a statistical analysis of datasets. In this study, a series of statistical analyses including univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify a number of potential biomarkers after pulling the data of severe patients and non-severe patients from a proteomic and metabolomics dataset of sera samples of COVID-19 patients. The second part is a machine learning model that was conducted to predict a patient's disease progression and provide more insightful information to understand the disease. Results: CoFIM integrates both proteomic and metabolomics data and provides a customizable and scalable framework to analyze the multi-omics data. CoFIM is demonstrated on the COVID-19 dataset and a number of biomarkers were detected. Several new protein biomarkers (IGKV1-12, PCOLCE, PGLYRP2, PCYOX1, LUM, IGHV1-46) were detected. We believe CoFIM will be widely used for multi-omics data analysis. © 2021 ACM.
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This paper examines the impact of COVID-19 on trading volume in stock markets around the world. We document a large spike in trading volume in 37 international equity markets. The surge in trading volume is found to be associated with the national culture and institutional environment of individual countries. In particular, investors tend to trade more heavily in societies characterized by a higher level of trust and individualism, as well as a lower level of uncertainty avoidance. Investors are also more willing to trade in wealthier nations, as well as those with stronger protection of legal rights, better governance systems, and greater gambling opportunities. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.